Flow cytometry for high throughput screening

ABSTRACT

The present invention, provides a flow cytometry apparatus for the detection of particles from a plurality of samples comprising: means for moving a plurality of samples comprising particles from a plurality of respective source wells into a fluid flow stream; means for introducing a separation gas between each of the plurality of samples in the fluid flow stream; and means for selectively analyzing each of the plurality of samples for the particles. The present invention also provides a flow cytometry method employing such an apparatus.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application makes reference to co-pending U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 60/156,946, entitled “Flow Cytometry Real-Time Analysisof Molecular Interactions,” filed Nov. 9, 1999. The entire contents anddisclosure of this application is hereby incorporated by reference.

GOVERNMENT INTEREST STATEMENT

This invention is made with government support under contract number NIH1R24 GM 60799 (Project Number 3). The government may have certain rightsin this invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a flow cytometry apparatus.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Flow cytometry is used to characterize cells and particles by makingmeasurements on each at rates up to thousands of events per second. Themeasurement consists of simultaneous detection of the light scatter andfluorescence associated with each event. Commonly, the fluorescencecharacterizes the expression of cell surface molecules or intracellularmarkers sensitive to cellular responses to drug molecules. The techniqueoften permits homogeneous analysis such that cell associatedfluorescence can often be measured in a background of free fluorescentindicator. The technique often permits individual particles to be sortedfrom one another.

However, a deficiency with conventional flow cytometry is that it doesnot allow for the analysis of multiple samples consisting of multiplecells or particles in a rapid manner, a fact that has limited the usesof flow cytometry in drug discovery. For example, the industrialstandard for high throughput drug discovery is 100,000 samples per day.Because of its low throughput, flow cytometry has generally not beenconsidered applicable to high throughput screening in drug discovery.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a flowcytometry apparatus that meets the needs of high throughput screening.

According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided aflow cytometry apparatus for the detection of particles from a pluralityof samples comprising: means for moving a plurality of samplescomprising particles from a plurality of respective source wells into afluid flow stream; means for introducing a separation gas between eachof the plurality of samples in the fluid flow stream; and means forselectively analyzing each of the plurality of samples for theparticles.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provideda method for analyzing a plurality of samples comprising: moving aplurality of samples comprising particles into a fluid flow stream;separating adjacent ones of the plurality of samples from each other inthe fluid flow stream by a separation gas; and selectively analyzingeach of the plurality of samples for the particles.

Other objects and features of the present invention will be apparentfrom the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be described in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings, in which:

FIG. 1A is a schematic view of a flow cytometry apparatus constructed inaccordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional schematic view of immediately adjacentsamples in a tube of the flow cytometry apparatus of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 1C is a cross-sectional schematic view of buffer fluid separatedadjacent samples in a tube of the flow cytometry apparatus of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 2A illustrates the results of an experiment using a flow cytometryapparatus similar to that shown in FIG. 1A using 0.02 inches innerdiameter PharMed™ tubing in terms of a graph of Forward Scatter vs. SideScatter;

FIG. 2B illustrates the results of an experiment using a flow cytometryapparatus similar to that shown in FIG. 1A using 0.02 inches innerdiameter PharMed™ tubing in terms of a graph of Fluorescence vs. Time(1024 channels=60 seconds);

FIG. 3A illustrates the results of an experiment using a flow cytometryapparatus similar to that shown in FIG. 1A using Tygon™ PVC tubingS-54-HL in terms of a graph of Forward Scatter vs. Side Scatter;

FIG. 3B illustrates the results of an experiment using a flow cytometryapparatus similar to that shown in FIG. 1A using Tygon™ PVC tubingS-54-HL in terms of a graph of Fluorescence vs. Time (1024 channels=60seconds).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

It is advantageous to define several terms before describing theinvention. It should be appreciated that the following definitions areused throughout this application.

DEFINITIONS

Where the definition of terms departs from the commonly used meaning ofthe term, applicant intends to utilize the definitions provided below,unless specifically indicated.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “particles” refersto any particles that may be detected using a flow cytometry apparatus.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “biomaterial” refersto any organic material obtained from an organism, either living ordead. The term “biomaterial” also refers to any synthesized biologicalmaterial such as synthesized oligonucleotides, synthesized polypeptides,etc. The synthesized biological material may be a synthetic version of anaturally occurring biological material or a non-naturally occurringbiological made from portions of naturally occurring biologicalmaterials, such as a fusion protein, or two biological materials thathave been bound together, such as an oligonucleotide, such as DNA orRNA, bound to a peptide, either covalently or non-covalently, that theoligonucleotide does not normally bind to in nature.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “oligonucleotide”refers to any oligonucleotide, including double and single-stranded DNA,RNA, PNAs (peptide nucleic acids) and any sequence of nucleic acids,either natural or synthetic, derivatized or underivatized.

For the purposes of the present invention the term “peptide” refers toall types of peptides and conjugated peptides including: peptides,proteins, polypeptides, protein sequences, amino acid sequences,denatured proteins, antigens, oncogenes and portions of oncogenes.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “organism” refersnot only to animals, plants, bacteria, viruses, etc. but also to cellcultures, reproduced oligonucleotides, etc. made from organic materialobtained from animals, plants, bacteria, viruses, etc.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “source well” refersto any well on a well plate, whether or not the source well contains asample. For the purposes of the present invention, the term “samplesource well” refers to a source well containing a sample.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “sample” refers to afluid solution or suspension containing particles to be analyzed using amethod and/or apparatus of the present invention. The particles to beanalyzed in a sample may be tagged, such as with a fluorescent tag. Theparticles to be analyzed may also be bound to a bead, a receptor, orother useful protein or polypeptide, or may just be present as freeparticles, such as particles found naturally in a cell lysate, purifiedparticles from a cell lysate, particles from a tissue culture, etc. Thesample may include chemicals, either organic or inorganic, used toproduce a reaction with the particles to be analyzed. When the particlesto be analyzed are biomaterials, drugs may be added to the samples tocause a reaction or response in the biomaterial particles. Thechemicals, drugs or other additives may be added to and mixed with thesamples when the samples are in sample source wells or the chemicals,drugs or other additives may be added to the samples in the fluid flowstream after the samples have been intaken by the autosampler.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “adjacent samples”refers to two samples in a fluid flow stream that are separated fromeach other by a separation gas, such as an air bubble. For the purposesof the present invention, the term “immediately adjacent samples” refersto adjacent samples that are only separated from each other by aseparation gas. For the purposes of the present invention, “buffer fluidseparated adjacent samples” refers to adjacent samples that areseparated from each other by two separation gas bubbles and a bufferfluid, with the buffer fluid being located between the two separationgas bubbles.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “separation gas”refers to any gas such as air, an inert gas, or fluid etc. that can beused to form a gas bubble or immiscible fluid between adjacent samplesor between a sample and a buffer fluid. An immiscible fluid is a fluidthat will not substantially mix with and contaminate a sample.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “buffer fluid”refers to a fluid that is substantially free of the particles to bedetected by the apparatus and method of the present invention.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “drug” refers to anytype of substance that is commonly considered a drug. For the purposesof the present invention, a drug may be a substance that acts on thecentral nervous system of an individual, e.g. a narcotic, hallucinogen,barbiturate, or a psychotropic drug. For the purposes of the presentinvention, a drug may also be a substance that kills or inactivatesdisease-causing infectious organisms. In addition, for the purposes ofthe present invention, a drug may be a substance that affects theactivity of a specific cell, bodily organ or function. A drug may be anorganic or inorganic chemical, a biomaterial, etc.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “plurality” refersto two or more of anything, such as a plurality of samples.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “homogenous” refersto a plurality of identical samples. The term “homogenous” also refersto a plurality of samples that are indistinguishable with respect to aparticular property being measured by an apparatus or a method of thepresent invention.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “heterogeneous”refers to a plurality of samples in a fluid flow stream in which thereare at least two different types of samples in the fluid flow stream.One way a heterogeneous plurality of samples in a fluid flow stream ofthe present invention may be obtained is by intaking different samplesfrom different source wells in a well plate. Another way of obtaining aheterogeneous plurality of samples is by intaking different samples fromidentical source wells at various time points where a reaction or aseries of reactions is or had been occurring.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “fluid flow stream”refers to a stream of fluid samples, separated by one or more bubbles ofa separation gas and/or one or more portions of a buffer fluid.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “fluid flow path”refers to device such as a tube, channel, etc. through which a fluidflow stream flows. A fluid flow path may be composed of several separatedevices, such as a number of connected or joined pieces of tubing or asingle piece of tubing, alone or in combination with channels or otherdifferent devices.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “high speedmulti-sample tube” refers to any tube that may be used with aperistaltic pump that has compression characteristics that allow aperistaltic pump to move samples separated by a separation gas throughthe tube at a speed of at least 6 samples per minute without causingadjacent samples to mix with each other. An example of such a tube is apolyvinylchloride (PVC) tube having an inner diameter of about 0.01 to0.03 inches and a wall thickness of about 0.01 to 0.03 inches. Aparticularly preferred tube is a PVC tube having an inner diameter ofabout 0.02 inches and a wall thickness of about 0.02 inches.

DESCRIPTION

There have been several efforts at automated sample handling in flowcytometry. For, example, both Coulter Instrument Co. andBecton-Dickinson have sold sample handling systems that use carousels tohandle samples from standard sized tubes. These systems typically intakesamples at a rate of ˜1 tube of sample per minute.

There has also been some effort to intake samples from 96 well plates.For example at the ISAC meeting in 1998 at Colorado Springs, CoulterInstrument Co showed a TECAN sampling system for 96 well plates thatsampled at about the rate of 3 samples per 2 minutes. Becton-Dickinsonis presently developing a system with similar characteristics. LuminexCorp. (Austin, Tex.) is developing a system that samples at rates of 2-4samples/minute. It puts a multi-well plate on a movable stage thatbrings it into position with a syringe controlled sample line.

Other groups have also used valves and syringes in flow cytometry, mostnotably, the “flow injection” group, Lindberg et al. at University ofWashington. One group, Zhao et al. at the University of Minnesota, hasrecently reported the use of air bubbles in flow cytometry to separatesamples. However, in none of the processes described above is there anymention of throughput speed (samples/minute). A group at the Universityof New Mexico has used plug flow cytometry and achieved sampling ratesof at least 6 samples per minute, see U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/330,259, the entire disclosure and contents of which is herebyincorporated by reference. Furthermore, in the published descriptions ofthese processes, the problems with bubbles disrupting flow cytometrywere also pointed out.

The present invention uses a separation gas, such as air bubbles, toseparate samples introduced from an autosampler into a tubing line thatdirectly connects the autosampler and a flow cytometer. A peristalticpump between the two devices moves the fluid. The air bubbles appear tobe most effective at separating samples when there are no junctions orvalves in the line. These junctions disturb or break up the bubbles andappear to allow the separated samples to come into contact with oneanother. Peristaltic flow rates of ˜3 ul/second through common tubing(0.02 inch tubing, 10 rpm or higher) have already been determined to becompatible with flow cytometric detection.

FIG. 1A illustrates a preferred flow cytometry apparatus 100 of thepresent invention. Flow cytometry apparatus 100 includes a conventionalautosampler 102 having an adjustable arm 104 on which is mounted ahollow probe 106. As arm 104 moves back and forth (left and right inFIG. 1) and side to side (into and out of the plane of FIG. 1), probe106 is lowered into individual source wells 108 of a well plate 110 toobtain a sample that has been tagged with a fluorescent tag (not shownin FIG. 1) to be analyzed using flow cytometry apparatus 100. Once asample is picked up by probe 106, a peristaltic pump 112 forces thesample through a tube 114 that extends from autosampler 102 throughperistaltic pump 112 and into a flow cytometer 116 including a flow cell118 and a laser interrogation device 120. Laser interrogation device 120examines individual samples flowing from flow cell 118 at a laserinterrogation point 122. In between intaking sample material from eachof source wells 108, probe 106 is allowed to intake air, thereby formingan air bubble between each adjacent sample. FIG. 1B illustrates seriesof samples 130, 132 and 134 separated from each other by air bubbles 136and 138 in tube 114. In FIG. 1B, sample 130 is immediately adjacent tosample 132, and sample 132 is immediately adjacent to sample 134.

When samples 130, 132 and 134 pass through laser interrogation point122, the particles in the samples are sensed by flow cytometer 116 dueto the fluorescent tag on the particles. In contrast, when air bubbles136 and 138 pass through laser interrogation point 122, no particles aresensed. Therefore, a graph of the data points of fluorescence sensedversus time for a series of samples analyzed using the flow cytometer ofthe present invention will form distinct groups, each aligned with thetime that a sample containing particles passes through the laserinterrogation point. In order to detect the presence of each of two ormore different types of samples, in a heterogeneous plurality ofsamples, each of the two or more different types of samples may betagged with different fluorescent tags, different amounts of a singletag or some combination of different tags and different amount of asingle tag. In such a case, the groupings of data points will varyvertically on a fluorescence versus time graph, depending on which typeof sample is being sensed. As with the case of sensing a single type ofsample, each sensed sample will exhibit a group of data points alignedwith the time that the sample passes through the laser interrogationpoint.

In an alternative embodiment of the present invention using the flowcytometry apparatus of FIG. 1A, some of the source wells on the wellplate of the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1A may contain a buffersolution to allow for the formation of buffer fluid separated adjacentsamples in a tube through which samples pass. When this is the case,after each sample is picked up by the probe, the probe intakes air, thenis lowered into a source well containing buffer solution, then the probeintakes air again, and then the probe intakes a second sample. Thissequence may then be repeated for samples which the probe subsequentlyintakes. FIG. 1C shows how two buffer fluid separated adjacent samples140 and 142 are separated from each other by buffer fluid 144 and twoair bubbles 146 and 148 in tube 114. When samples 140 and 142 passthrough laser interrogation point 122, the particles in the samples aresensed by the flow cytometer due to the fluorescent tag on theparticles. In contrast, when buffer fluid 144, and air bubbles 146 and148 pass through laser interrogation point 122, no particles are sensed.Therefore, a graph of the data points of fluorescence sensed versus timefor a series of samples analyzed using the flow cytometer of the presentinvention will form distinct groups, each aligned with the time that asample containing particles passes through the laser interrogationpoint. In order to detect the presence of two or more different types ofsamples, each of the two or more different types of samples may betagged with different fluorescence tags or different amounts of a singletag. In such a case, the groupings of data points will vary verticallyon a fluorescence versus time graph, depending on which type of sampleis being sensed. As with the case of sensing a single type of sample,each sensed sample will exhibit a group of data points aligned with thetime that the sample passes through the laser interrogation point.

Alternatively, buffer fluid separated adjacent samples may be formed byproviding a reservoir of buffer fluid in or attached to the autosamplerto inject buffer fluid into the tube for the fluid flow stream. In thiscase, after each sample is picked up by the probe, the probe intakesair, then buffer fluid is injected into the tube for the fluid flowstream, then the probe intakes air again, and then the probe intakes asecond sample. This sequence may then be repeated for subsequent samplesto be separated by a buffer fluid.

The present invention is compatible with relatively inexpensivecommercial well plates for use with autosamplers from 96 well plates to384 well plates to at least as many as 1536 well plates. The sourcewells of the present invention may be all filled with samples and/orbuffer fluids, or some may be left empty. When there are a plurality ofdifferent types of samples in the source wells of a well plate, thesample types may be arranged in the order in which they are taken up bythe probe, or the sample types may be arranged in any other convenientarrangement. For example, all of the source wells in a one row of sourcewells may contain one sample type and all of the source wells of asecond row may contain a second sample type.

The source wells may be made any conventional shape used for sourcewells in a well plate for an autosampler. Preferably, when small amountsof sample are used in each source well, the source wells are conical inshape, as illustrated in FIG. 1A, to allow even the smallest amounts ofsample to be withdrawn by the probe or to allow the particles toconcentrate in the bottom of the well. The use of a well plate withconical source wells reduces the problems associated with the settlingof particles to the bottom of the well prior to being intaken by theprobe. An alternative means to circumvent particle settling would be tosample from wells in an inverted plate given an appropriate welldimensions that will permit sample retention in the well (e.g. bycapillary forces) when the plate is in this position.

The autosampler of the present invention may be any conventionalautosampler suitable for intaking samples from a well plate. A preferredtype of autosampler is the Gilson 215 liquid manager.

The use of automation in plate delivery and retrieval for theautosampler may allow automation of the overall screening process.

One preferred probe for the present invention is a 0.01 inch ID, 1/15inch OD stainless steel needle compatible with HPLC ferrule fittings. AGilson interface module for bidirectional communication between an MSDOS computer and a probe manipulating arm and peristaltic pump. Softwaredesigned using commercial languages, such as Microsoft Visual C++, maybe used to control the speed and distance of probe motions in all 3dimensions, the sensing of probe contact with liquid in a source well toassure reproducible sample volumes, and the speed of the peristalticpump. A computer or other known device may be used to control theautosampler to regulate sample size and bubble size by varying the timethat the probe is in a source well or above a source well. Also, varioussample handlers and sampler handling systems that may be useful in theapparatus and method of the present invention are well known in the art.One example of an integrated handler and programmable station is theBeckman 1000 Laboratory Workstation™ robotic which may be adapted foruse in the apparatus or method of the present invention.

In order to reduce carryover, the probe may have a conical tip. Use ofsilicone or other hydrophobic agent to coat the tip of the samplingprobe may also be helpful to minimize sample carryover. Alternatively,the entire probe may be made of a hydrophobic material to reducecarryover. Suitable hydrophobic materials for used in the coating or formaking the entire hydrophobic probe include: Teflon®(poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE)), Kynar® (polyvinylidene fluoride),Tefzel® (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer),tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer resin (PFA), atetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (EFP), polyether etherketone (PEEK), etc.

In order to reduce sample carryover, a jet of gas, such as air, may besprayed on the tip of the autosampler probe. The source of the jet ofgas may be mounted either on the autosampler or near the autosampler.Another way to reduce sample carryover is to use a rinsing device thatmay be attached to the autosampler or be otherwise mounted on or nearthe flow cytometry apparatus of the present invention to rinse theautosampler probe between intakes of sample and/or buffer solution. Therinsing fluid may be water, a mild detergent, or a solvent, such as asolvent in which each of the particles in one or more of the samples isdissolved. When the particles are merely suspended in a suspensionfluid, the rinsing fluid may be the same as the suspension fluid. Theuse of an autosampler with a sensing probe tip may improve theefficiency of sample uptake and performance by reducing carryover andensuring reproducible sample volumes.

Various conventional peristaltic pumps may be used with the flowcytometry apparatus of the present invention. A preferred peristalticpump is Gilson Minipuls 3. Preferably, a peristaltic pump of the presentinvention is operated in a manner that reduces pulsatile flow, therebyimproving the sample characteristics in the flow cytometer. For example,a tubing length greater than 20 inches between pump and flow cytometermay be used or a linear peristaltic pump such as the Digicare LP5100 maybe used to improve the sample characteristics.

Various types of tubing may be used for the fluid flow path of thepresent invention, as long as the tubing may function as high speedmulti-sample tubing. When thin walled PVC (polyvinyl chloride) tubing isused as the tubing for the present invention, carryover between samplesis substantially reduced compared to conventional peristaltic tubing.Preferably, the fluid flow path of the present invention is a singlelength of tubing without junctions. Such a single length of tubingreduces the breakup of bubbles and improves the performance in sampleseparation. A preferred type of high speed multi-sample tubing for usewith the present invention is 0.01 to 0.03 inch inner diameter PVCtubing having a wall thickness of 0.01 to 0.03 inches. A particularlypreferred tubing is 0.02 inch inner diameter PVC tubing having a wallthickness of 0.02 inch.

Various types of flow cytometers may be used with the flow cytometryapparatus of the present invention. Preferred types of flow cytometersare described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,895,764; 5,824,269; 5,395,588;4,661,913; the entire contents and disclosures of which are herebyincorporated by reference. In the flow cytometer, samples may be sortedon a particle by particle basis using known methods. The flow cytometermay use software gating by light scatter to reduce the “noise” in theflow cytometer introduced by the periodic appearance of bubbles. The useof the real-time software in conjunction with flow cytometer controllingsoftware may allow the samples from a given source well to be re-checkedduring sampling and data analysis to prove that “hits” from neighboringsource wells do not arise from cross-contamination.

On-line data analysis may be used in the flow cytometer to compare databetween well plates and facilitate overall utility of the data inconjunction with automation. Operation of the flow cytometer at higherpressure generally increases the sample flow rate and may, in somecircumstances yield a higher throughput. Also, operation of the flowcytometer with increased time resolution in data software may allowresolution of samples at higher throughput rates.

Both peristaltic pumps and air bubbles have been used in a variety ofdetection devices with flowing samples. For example, bubbles arecommonly used in clinical instruments to separate samples and theperistaltic pumps to move fluids. However, in flow cytometry there isspecific teaching against air bubbles with the idea that, optimally, thebubbles should be removed from the sample prior to injection into theflow cytometer.

Using the flow cytometry apparatus of the present invention, it hasalready been possible to move and analyze at least 6 samples per minute.Preferably, the flow cytometry apparatus may be capable of moving andanalyzing 60 samples per minute, even more preferably 120 samples perminute, and yet even more preferably 240 samples per minute.

Among the advantages of the flow cytometer apparatus of the presentinvention is that it allows rapid sampling of small volumes of sample.For example, a sample drawn into the fluid stream tubing at 10 rpm andflowing at a rate of ˜3 ul/sec requires less than a 2 ul sample.

The throughput of the flow cytometry apparatus of the present inventiontends to be more affected by the behavior of the autosampler rather thanthe characteristics of the peristaltic pump, the tubing or the flowcytometer. Thus, to the extent that an autosampler can move more rapidlyfrom source well to source well, higher throughputs are achieved.Improved accuracy in volume intake/delivery by the autosampler leads tosmaller sample volumes and improved throughputs.

EXAMPLE

Using a flow cytometer apparatus set-up similar to that shown in FIG.1A, commercial peristaltic tubing with thick walls (PharMed™; 0.02 inchinner diameter, 3.69 mm outer diameter, polypropylene elastomer) wascompared with another type (0.02 inch inner and 0.06 inch outer diameterTygon Microbore™, formulation S-54-HL) that had thin walls and wasconsiderably stiffer. FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate the flow cytometerresults using the PharMed™ tubing to move samples 202, 206, 210, and 214of Coulter Flow-Check beads having a proprietary fluorochrome as afluorescence tag and four samples 204, 208, 212, and 216 of FlowCytometry Standards Corporation having fluorescein as a fluorescencetag. FIG. 2A is a graph of Forward Scatter vs. Side Scatter with a gatearound the particles aligned in the laser beam of the flow cytometer.FIG. 2B is a graph of Fluorescence vs. Time (1024 channels=60 seconds).The samples in FIG. 2 are moved through the tubing using a peristalticpump operating at 10 RPM. FIGS. 3A and 33B illustrate the flow cytometerresults using the PVC tubing to move samples 302, 306, 310, and 314 ofCoulter Flow-Check beads having a proprietary fluorochrome as afluorescence tag and four samples 304, 308, 312, and 316 of FlowCytometry Standards Corporation beads having fluorescein as afluorescence tag. FIG. 3A is a graph of Forward Scatter vs. Side Scatterwith a gate around the particles aligned in the laser beam of the flowcytometer. FIG. 3B is a graph of Fluorescence vs. Time (1024 channels=60seconds). The samples in FIG. 3 are moved through the tubing using aperistaltic pump operating at 10 RPM. As can be seen in FIG. 2B and FIG.3B, the grouping of sample data points in FIG. 2B exhibit 27% carryover(particles between samples) compared to the groupings of sample datapoints in FIG. 3B that exhibit 5% carryover (particles between samples),indicating that the PVC tubing preserves the integrity of samples betterthan the PharMed™ tubing does.

Although the present invention has been fully described in conjunctionwith the preferred embodiments thereof with reference to theaccompanying drawings, it is to be understood that various changes andmodifications may be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changesand modifications are to be understood as included within the scope ofthe present invention as defined by the appended claims, unless theydepart therefrom.

1. A flow cytometry apparatus for the detection of particles from aplurality of samples comprising: means for moving a plurality of samplescomprising particles from a plurality of respective source wells into afluid flow stream; means for introducing a separation gas between eachof said plurality of samples in said fluid flow stream; and means forselectively analyzing each of said plurality of samples for saidparticles.
 2. The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 1, wherein saidmeans for moving said plurality of samples comprises an autosampler. 3.The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 2, wherein said autosamplerincludes a probe and said flow cytometry apparatus includes a means forexposing a probe tip of said probe to a jet of gas to remove liquid fromsaid probe tip.
 4. The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 2, wherein saidautosampler includes a probe having a conical tip.
 5. The flow cytometryapparatus of claim 2, wherein said autosampler includes a hydrophobicprobe.
 6. The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 5, wherein said probecomprises a hydrophobic material.
 7. The flow cytometry apparatus ofclaim 5, wherein said probe is coated with a hydrophobic material. 8.The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 2, wherein said means for movingsaid plurality of samples further comprises a peristaltic pump.
 9. Theflow cytometry apparatus of claim 8, wherein a portion of said fluidflow stream passing through said peristaltic pump is contained within ahigh speed multi-sample tube.
 10. The flow cytometry apparatus of claim8, wherein said peristaltic pump is located along said fluid flow streambetween said autosampler and said means for selectively analyzing saidplurality of samples.
 11. The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 10,further comprising a single length of tubing extending from saidautosampler to said means for selectively analyzing said plurality ofsamples.
 12. The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 11, wherein saidsingle length of tubing comprises high speed multi-sample tubing. 13.The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 12, wherein said high speedmulti-sample tubing comprises PVC tubing having an inner diameter about0.01 to about 0.03 inches and a wall thickness of about 0.01 to about0.03 inches.
 14. The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 12, wherein saidhigh speed multi-sample tubing comprises PVC tubing having an innerdiameter about 0.02 inches and a wall thickness of about 0.02 inches.15. The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 1, wherein said separation gascomprises air.
 16. The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 1, wherein saidplurality of samples are homogenous.
 17. The flow cytometry apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein said plurality of samples are heterogeneous.
 18. Theflow cytometry apparatus of claim 1, wherein said particles comprisebiomaterials.
 19. The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 18, wherein saidbiomaterials are fluorescently tagged.
 20. The flow cytometry apparatusof claim 1, further comprising a well plate including said plurality ofrespective source wells.
 21. The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 20,wherein said well plate includes at least 96 source wells.
 22. The flowcytometry apparatus of claim 20, wherein said well plate includes atleast 384 source wells.
 23. The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 20,wherein said well plate includes at least 1536 source wells.
 24. Theflow cytometry apparatus of claim 20, wherein said well plate includeswells having a conical shape.
 25. The flow cytometry apparatus of claim20, wherein said well plate is mounted in an inverted position.
 26. Theflow cytometry apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a means forinjecting a buffer fluid between adjacent samples in said fluid flowstream.
 27. The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 1, wherein at leastone of said plurality of samples includes a drug present therein.
 28. Amethod for analyzing a plurality of samples comprising: moving aplurality of samples comprising particles into a fluid flow stream;separating adjacent ones of said plurality of samples from each other insaid fluid flow stream by a separation gas; and selectively analyzingeach of said plurality of samples for said particles.
 29. The method ofclaim 28, further comprising intaking said plurality of samples intosaid fluid flow stream from a plurality of respective wells.
 30. Themethod of claim 28, wherein said plurality of samples are separated insaid fluid flow stream by intaking air into said fluid flow streambetween intaking adjacent samples of said plurality of samples.
 31. Themethod of claim 28, wherein at least 6 samples are selectively analyzedper minute.
 32. The method of claim 28, wherein at least 60 samples areselectively analyzed per minute.
 33. The method of claim 28, wherein atleast 120 samples are selectively analyzed per minute.
 34. The method ofclaim 28, wherein at least 240 samples are selectively analyzed perminute.
 35. The method of claim 28, wherein said plurality of samplesare homogenous.
 36. The method of claim 28, wherein said plurality ofsamples are heterogeneous.
 37. The method of claim 28, wherein saidparticles comprise biomaterials.
 38. The method of claim 28, whereinsaid biomaterials are fluorescently tagged.
 39. The method of claim 28,wherein said samples have a sample size ranging from at least about 0.1to at least about 10 μl.
 40. The method of claim 28 wherein said samplesflow in said fluid flow stream at a flow rate of at least about 0.1 toat least about 10 μl/sec.
 41. The method of claim 28, further comprisinginjecting a buffer fluid between at least two adjacent samples in saidfluid flow stream
 42. The method of claim 28, by which said plurality ofsamples are sorted on a particle by particle basis in a flow cytometer.43. The method of claim 28, further comprising mixing at least one ofsaid plurality of samples with at least one drug.
 44. The method ofclaim 43, wherein said at least one drug is mixed with said at least oneof said plurality of samples in a sample source well.
 45. The method ofclaim 43, wherein said at least one drug is mixed with said at least oneof said plurality of samples in said fluid flow stream.